Cyclophorus perdix borneensis (Metcalfe, 1851)
“Shell bearing some characters in common with both C. aquilum, Sow., and C. acutimarginatum, Sow.; but baving a more depressed spire, and flatter whorls than either of those species.” (Metcalfe, 1851)
“Allied to C. aquilum, Sow., but differing in tenuity, depressed form, keel, and sculpture. I received this shell from Sowerby, in 1834, as one of the varieties of C. perdix; however, the compressed form of the shell, its sharply sculptured striae, and the characters of the aperture sufficiently justify its separation. In Sowerby's fig. 127, and in Krister's fig. 7. pi. 8, the columellar lip is expanded above the umbilicus, instead of being narrow and connivent with the superior margin. Sowerby omits any notice of the sculpture, and that which is ascribed to it by Pfeiffer is of a very different character. In form C. porphyriticum somewhat approaches C. zebrinum, mihi, but differs in sculpture, markings, less produced spire, less flattened underside, much wider umbilicus, and in the absence of the peculiar hispid epidermis which clothes that rare species. Sowerby, in his description of C. zebrinum, notes the umbilicus as moderate. In my original description (Journ. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta for 1836), I described it as small; and, on comparison, it proves to be even narrower than that of C. stenomphalum, Pfeiffer. C. porphyriticum is also allied to, but quite distinct from, Mousson's C. zollingeri.” (Benson, 1851)
“The penang variety of this species is flatter, somewhat sharper keeled at the periphery, and with a slightly more expanded lip than exists in any Bornean specimens I saw, but the general type of the shell is unmistakable. It is a rare species on Penang hill; I found during many days search only two adults and one young. The former are covered with a rather thick dark brown cuticle, marked with very fine transversely oblique and also with spiral striae, by which a kind of a very minute granulation is produced. There is a row of larger brown spots along the suture, while the rest of the whorls is densely variegated with reddish brown, most conspicuous after a partial removal of the cuticle, and the keel is slightly funiculate. This coloration is almost exactly like that of C. porphyriticus, as figured by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz’ Conchilienkabinet. One of the most important characters of borneensis is the straightness and slight concavity of the inner portion of the peristome along the umbilical margin, followed by the basal portion being somewhat produced. This character also occurs in C. aquila and perdix, with the last of which Benson’s C. porphyriticus has been considered as identical. E. v. Martens already observes (I. cit. p. 135) that it is impossible to give a well defined diagnosis of C. aquila, as the species is very variable and readily passes into borneensis and perdix. I have not a sufficient series of authentic specimens from different localities, but the few from Penang, Singapore and Borneo entirely support the view expressed by E. von Martens, and make it most probable that the different names noticed only refer to the principal varieties of one and the same species. It is unquestionable that even in true Bornean specimens the upper convexity of the whorls is greater sometimes less, the keel on the last whorl sharp, or obtuse, or again almost obsolete, and in consequence of this the sharp edged last whorl passes into an obtusely angular or even slightly rounded one, and that with these variations the height of the entire shell must naturally vary. I posses Singapore specimens of borneensis which exactly agree with C. porphyriticus, as figured by Pfeiffer in Chemnitz, and as this figure is authetic, being taken from the type in Benson’s collection, I would not hestitate to add porphyriticus as a synonym of borneensis. Sowerby’ original figures of perdix (at least fig. 127 in Thes. Vol. I) and of aquila scarcely differ, and both very well agree with the form of borneensis as usually obtained at Singapore, having the whorls above rather infated and the periphery very obtusely angular. The same applies to Chemnitz’s figure of aquila, while that of perdix, after Tenaserim specimens, very closely corresponds with one of my Penang specimens of borneensis, except in having a greenish cuticle. Reeve’s figure of aquila is probably taken from a specimen obtained inland north of Singapore; those specimens are particularly fine and probably most aberrant from the type shell, which Reeve figured as borneensis, while his fugure of perdix has the whorls as round as siamensis, and though it may belong to the same species as represented by Sowerby’s figure 128 in Thes. Vol. 1, I do not think that it can at all be referred to the borneensis group, because it appears to want the peculiar straightness of the inner portion of the peristome. The solution of this question of identity depends now upon a comparison of the type-specimens of Sowerby’s C. perdix and aquila with a good series of typical borneensis, as represented in Borneo, near Singapore, Malacca and Penang; for it will also determine the nomenclature of the latter species.” (Stoliczka, 1872)
“Observations - Cette espèce est extrêmement variable dans sa taille et peut être divisée en deux variétés bien distinctes par leur ditférence considérable de grandeur, mais qui, présentant des caractères identiques, ne peuvent être séparées l'une de l'autre.” (Morgan, 1885)
“This species has the body-whorl on the left side above the periphery more or less flattened, and has rather a bumpy or shouldered appearance near the suture. This species, C. talboti, and C. borneensis probably pass one into the other, although the representative forms are recognizable enough. Two of the specimens from Meri are of a pale pinkish-brown colour, with a darker broad infra-peripheral zone. The third example is entirely white beneath an olive epidermis. The latter form closely resembles the variety ochracea.” (E. A. Smith, 1895)
“Zwei lebend gesammelte Exemplare vom Baramflufs in Nord-Borneo, das eine von der gewöhnlichen Färbung, das andere bis auf die Nahtflecken tief braunschwarz, dieses Exemplar auch weniger deutlich kantig und die Mundränder durch einen dünnen, aber deutlichen Callus verbunden, die Spiralskulptur auf dem letzten Umgang kaum noch erkennbar. Der Unterrand ist bei beiden Exemplaren deutlich vorgezogen.” (Kobelt, 1897)
“In spite of a considerable variability in shell colour, the number of riblets on the protoconch, presence/absence of a peripheral keel, and the width of the umbilicus, no further taxa can be distinguished within C. p. borneensis. Locally, states of these characters predominate, for instance at Batu Niah where most specimens display a comparatively narrow umbilicus. The surroundings of Batu Niah are inhabited by a form with a unusually sharp peripheral keel.” (Vermeulen, 1999)
Metcalfe (1851) original descriptions on Cyclostoma borneensis – “C. testâ suborbiculari, depresso-conoideâ, acuminatâ, albidâ, fusco-variegatâ, maculis ad suturam, cinguloque infra medium fusco ornatâ; striis obliquis minutis, aliisque circularibus minutissimis impressâ; anfractibus quinque planiusculis, carinatis; ultimo magno, margine acutè carinato, circa umbilicum obtusè angulato; apertur asubcirculari; peritremate albo, reflex; supra productiore, subtus reflex, ad columellam subsinuato; umbilico magno, profundo; operculo corneo, tenui. Varietas minor, magnitudine solum diversa.”
Benson (1851) original descriptions on Cyclostoma porphyriticum – “Testa mediocriter umbilicata, depresso-conoidea, tenui, striis confertissimis distinctis, elevatis, subundulatis, spiraliter munita, albida, superne saturate castaneo, subtus pallidiore ornata, maculis angulatis, circa suturam majoribus, conspersa, fasciis saturatis duabus albo-articulatis, altera ad periphaeriam, altera inferiori cincta; spira brevi, apice acuto, sutura vix distincta; anfractibus 4 ½ planulatis, ultimo angulato, subtus planiusculo; apertura ampla, ovato-circulari, livide albida, peristomate tenui, expanso, reflexo, marginibus callo tenui junctis, conniventibus, columellari angustato, leviter emarginato.”
Godwin-Austen (1889) original descriptions on Cyclophorus cochranei – “Shell turbinate, solid, keeled, narrowly umbilicated, the umbilicus very nearly concealed by the columellar margin; sculpture a smooth surface with ordinary lines of growth; colour a pale ochre ground, mottled somewhat sparsely with dark liver-brown, below the keel with stronger zigzag blotching; spire conoid, rather high; apex subacute; suture shallow; whorls 5, the last flattened on the side; aperture circular, suboblique; peristome continuous, simple, slightly reflected, sinuate below the columellar margin and with a slight thickening there.”
Godwin-Austen (1889) original descriptions on Cyclophorus cochranei ochraceus – “In this variety from the Busan Hills the only difference observable in the form of the shell is its deeper suture. It has no markings of any kind, the whole surface being of a dark straw or ochre colour. There are two specimens, and as they are from the same hills I do not think they can be separated from the species above described.
Godwin-Austen (1889) original descriptions on Cyclophorus talboti – “Shell turbinate, subangulate; umbilicated, but umbilicus nearly hidden by the reflection of the columellar margin of the aperture colour rich madder-brown, paler around the umbilicus, in one specimen a dark band below the periphery, speckled with white and with a regular series of pale whitish ochre spots following the suture, a line of similar smaller spots on the keel; spire conic; apex subacute; suture moderately impressed; whorls 5, convex; aperture circular, oblique; peristome solid, simple, slightly reflected, very sharply so on the columell.ir margin.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) borneensis – “Schale mittelweit genabelt, niedrig kreiselförmig, gestreift, mit dichten, sehr feinen Spirallinien, oben bräunlich mit kastanienbraunen Striemen und Marmorierungen; Apex ziemlich spitz; Naht flach, gerandet; 5 ziemlich gewölbte Windungen, letzte scharf gekielt, unter dem Kiel mit einer breiten, kastanienbraunen, weiss gefleckten Binde, unten blasser, gewölbt, am Nabel zusammengedrückt; Mündung schräg, abgestutzt eiförmig; Mundrand kurz ausgebreitet, nicht verdickt, unterbrochen, durch dünnen Callus verbunden. Deckel kreisrund, eng gewunden, rötlich, aussen konkav.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) cochranei – “Schale eng genabelt, kreiseiförmig, festwandig, gekielt, ziemlich glatt, fein gestreift, blass ockerfarben, unter dem Kiel braun gezeichnet; Apex ziemlich spitz; 5 Windungen mit seichter Naht, letzte gekielt, seitlich abgeflacht; Mündung ziemlich schräg, kreisrund; Mundrand zusammenhängend, einfach, leicht zurückgeschlagen; Spindelrand leicht verdickt, ausgebuchtet, oben den Nabel fast bedeckend.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Glossostylus) talboti – “Schale bedeckt genabelt, kreiseiförmig, stumpfkantig, lebhaft braun mit hellen Fleckenbinden an Naht und Kante, mitunter dunkler gebändert; Apex spitz, Naht massig eingedrückt; 5 gewölbte Windungen; Mündung schräg, kreisrund; Mundrand einfach, leicht ausgebreitet, unten über den Nabel zurückgeschlagen.”
Kobelt (1902) descriptions on Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) porthyriticus – “Schale mittelweit genabelt, niedrig kegelförmig, dünn, mit dichten, erhobenen, leicht welligen Spiralreifen, weisslich, oben kastanienbraun, unten blasser gestriemt, mit braunen, an der Naht grösseren Flecken und mit je einer gegliederten Binde an der Naht und am Kiel; Apex spitz; Naht kaum deutlich; 4½ ziemlich flache Windungen, letzte kantig, unten ziemlich flach; Mündung weit, kurz eiförmig, bläulich weiss; Mundrand dünn, ausgebreitet, zurückgeschlagen, kurz unterbrochen, durch dünnen Callus verbunden; Spindelrand verschmälert, leicht ausgeschnitten.”
Vermeulen (1999) descriptions on Cyclophorus perdix borneensis – “Shell white to pale yellowish brown, usually (albino specimens occur) with an irregular zig-zag pattern of dark brown, often with a row of white spots bellow the suture and at the periphery, without any thin, continuous spiral lines, but with one wide band or two narrower bands of darker brown below the periphery; umbilical region whote, usually with fewer brown markings than elsewhere. Spire low conical. Whorls 4 ½-5, well-rounded, sometimes somewhat flattened or shouldered towards the suture, periphery with or without an obtuse to acute edge, or with a keel. Suture depressed, but not channelled, or only slightly so in the last 1 ½ whorl. Spiral sculpture present, fine, wavy. Umbilicus 3.8-7.1 mm wide, sometimes partly covered by the peristome. Peristome white or cream-coloured, slightly to distinctly thickened and distinctly reflected, simple, not consisting of thin layers towards the outer margin (except sometimes in the umbilical region) in fresh shells.”
“The animal of the Penang variety of borneensis is uniform pale brown with a slight pinkish tinge, an covered with numerous flat greyish warts; the foot is rather narrow and very warty, not sulcated; head slightly darker than the body, tentacles blackish near the tip; eyes on small bulgings, surrounded by a pale ring; mantle greyish, thick near the margin. There is scarcely a noticeable difference in the size of the sexes.” (Stoliczka, 1872)
Cyclostoma borneensis – “Long. 1 6/10; lat. 1 3/10; alt. 9/10 unc.” (Metcalfe, 1851); Cyclostoma porphyriticum – “Diam. major 31, minor 24 ½, axis 18 mill” (Benson, 1851); “Les dimensions extrêmes de cette espèce sont les suivantes: V. major: Diamètre maximum, 32 mm; hauteur, 20 mm; longueur de l'ouverture, 14 mm; largeur de l'ouverture, 12 mm, V. minor: Diamètre maximum, 20 mm; hauteur, 15 mm; longueur de l'ouverture, l0mm; largeur de l'ouverture, 8 mm.” (Morgan, 1885); syntype Cyclophorus cochranei – “Size: maj. diam. 41 mm, min. 32.5 mm; alt. axis 18 mm.” (Godwin-Austen, 1889); syntype Cyclophorus talboti – “Size: maj. diam. 40 mm, min. 22.5 mm; alt. axis 17 mm; diam. Body whorl 23-25 millim.” (Godwin-Austen, 1889); Cyclophorus borneense - “Die Dimensionen sind: diam. maj. 38, min. 31, alt. 26 mm.” (Kobelt, 1897); Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) borneensis – “H. 20, Durchm. 40:33 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902); Cyclophorus (Salpingophorus) porthyriticus – “H. 18, Durchm. 31:24.5 mm.” (Kobelt, 1902); Cyclophorus perdix borneensis – “Height 19-29 mm, width 30-46 mm; height aperture 14-21 mm, width 16-28 mm.” (Vermeulen, 1999)
Type locality - “Borneo” leg. W. J. Hamilton/Nov. 1850 (Metcalfe, 1851); Cyclostoma porphyriticum “India Orientali” (Benson, 1851); Cyclophorus cochranei “Niah and Busan Hills” leg. A. Everett (Godwin-Austen, 1889); Cyclophorus cochranei ochraceus “Busan Hills” (Godwin-Austen, 1889); Cyclophorus talboti “Busan Hills” leg. A. Everett (Godwin-Austen, 1889).
Other localities - “Territorio di Sarawak” leg. Doria and Beccari (Issel, 1874); “Niah hills, Trusan, Labuan” leg. A. Everett (Godwin-Austen, 1889); ”Mount Liang Koeboeng” leg. Büttikofer/Mar. 1894, “Southern foot of Mount Kenepai” leg. Büttikofer, “Poelau on the Sibau River” leg. Büttikofer, “Mount Dadap and Sekedau” leg. Moret, “Sintang” leg. Goedhuis, and “Foot of Mount Semedoem” leg. Hallier (Schepman, 1896); “Baramflufs in Nord-Borneo” (Kobelt, 1897); “Pelarang bei Samarinda” (Martens, 1908); “Penang” (Stoliczka, 1872); “Lahat, Pappan, Batou Gadja et Goping” (Morgan, 1885); “?Kelantan, Malay Peninsula” leg. J. Waterstradt (Sykes, 1902); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Busau” leg. Beal-Maltbie (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: quarry km 31.6 road Kuching-Bau” leg. Auffenberg (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Pangga 3 km ENE of Bau” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: near Bau” leg. De Vogel (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: 3 km SW of Taiton goldmine, near Bau” leg. Auffenberg (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: hill S of Bau goldmine, 2.1 km S. of Bau” leg. Auffenberg (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Bt. Jagoi near Bau” leg. Schuiteman (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Kapur 6 km SE of Bau” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Lobang Angin 2 km SW of Bau” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Fairy Cave approx. 8 km SE of Bau” leg. Dorman (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Jambusan 4 km SE of Bau” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Muan near Kpg. Peninjau Lama, 22.5 km SW of Kuching” leg. Auffenberg (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Hume Rock, 22.9 SE of Kuching” leg. Auffenberg (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Kpg. Beratok along road Kuching-Serian” leg. Auffenberg (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Semengoh Botanic Garden” leg. R. Warren; de Vogel (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Kpg. Tiang Bekap 10 km SSW of Kpg. Beratok” leg. De Vogel (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Wah S. of Braang, 23 miles S of Kuching” leg. Wilford (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Gayu 23 miles S of Kuching” leg. Wilford (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: Kpg. Segur Benuk, mile 21 Penrissen Road” leg. De Vogel (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Lelat 1 mile SW of Nyabet, 24 miles SSE of Kuching” leg. Wilford (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: 7.5 km WNW of Kpg. Piching, near Serian” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 1st Div.: G. Selabor, W. of Kpg. Lobang Batu, 12.5 km S. of Tebakang” leg. Wilford (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 4th Div.: G. Subis (Batu Niah)” leg. Dorman; Holzmark; Sutton; Wall (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 4th Div.: G. Subis, W. of Batu Niah” leg. Raven (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 4th Div.: G. Subis, 3 km W. of Batu Niah” leg. Raven (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 4th Div.: G. Subis, 4 km S. of Batu Niah” leg. Raven (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sarawak. 4th Div.: Laogan Bunut, S. edge” leg. Raven (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Sabah. West Coast Zone: G. Kinabalu” leg. Everett (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Kalimantan Selatan: G. Siamang near Desah Liu, 30 km E. Of Tandjung” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Kalimantan Selatan: Jaro near Muara Uja, limestone escarpment W. of the village” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Borneo. Kalimantan Selatan: Limestone escarpments along road Benualawas-Limbungan” (Vermeulen, 1999); “Gunung Mulu N.P., Sarawak, Malaysia” (Vermeulen, 2003)
“Primary forest on various soils, most numerous on limestone bedrock. Also in secondary vegetation.” (Vermeulen, 1999)